Capital Markets and Market Efficiency The WritePass Journal

Capital Markets and Market Efficiency Section 1 Capital Markets and Market Efficiency Section 11) Weak structure efficiency2) Semi-solid efficiencyStrong-structure efficiencyPart 2 Arguments For the Efficient Market Hypothesis Arguments against the Efficient Market Hypothesis Evaluation and Implications for Investors BibliographyRelated Section 1 The Efficient market speculation expresses that every single budgetary market are effective in their utilization of data to decide costs. This implies financial specialists can't hope to accomplish abundance benefits that are more than the normal market benefits with comparative hazard factors, given all accessible data at the current time of venture, beside through some type of karma. To some extent 1 of this report we will talk about the three distinct types of market productivity that Eugene Fama recognized in her 1970 report. These can be clarified as follows: 1) Weak structure effectiveness Fama (1970) sees that a market is effective in frail structure if past returns can't be utilized to anticipate current stock value changes. It likewise expect that costs on resources that are exchanged openly as of now have and utilize all accessible data on the stock at any second in time. It in this way makes sense that the powerless type of the market effectiveness theory implies that past profits for stock are uncorrelated with future profits for a similar stock. Future costs can't be anticipated by concentrating cautiously the past costs of the stock. Abundance returns can't be earned over an all-encompassing timeframe by utilizing speculation methodologies that depend just upon the chronicled costs of offers or contrasting types of recorded investigation. This implies this style of specialized examination won't have the option to deliver elevated levels of profits on a predictable reason for speculators. In general one can't expect future value changes to be anticipated by util izing the past stock costs. Essentially put powerless structure effectiveness accept that chronicled investigation on past stock information is of no utilization in foreseeing future value changes on stocks. 2) Semi-solid effectiveness The semi-solid market effectiveness structure advances from the previously mentioned feeble structure advertise proficiency by expressing that business sectors can alter effectively and rapidly to new data that is given about different stocks. Fama (1970: 383) refers to semi-solid proficiency as whether costs productively change in accordance with other data that is freely accessible. for example declarations of stock parts, etc†¦  Here it is accepted that benefit costs completely mirror the entirety of the openly accessible data on the stocks implying that solitary those financial specialists who figure out how to have extra novel data about the stocks could have a bit of leeway over the market to make huge increases. This structure likewise affirms that any value anomalies are found rapidly and on this premise the financial exchange figures out how to change. In a semi-solid structure proficiency share costs can respond rapidly to new data made accessible openly in a brisk w ay with the goal that no huge returns can be picked up from utilizing the ongoing data. This leads us to infer that neither major examination or specialized investigation will have the option to deliver steady overabundance returns. Solid structure proficiency Solid structure proficiency expect that costs reflect totally any kind of new data about the market be that open or private data. Fama (1970: 383) says that solid structure tests are worried about whether given financial specialists or gatherings have monopolistic access to any data pertinent for arrangement, anyway Fama claims that the effective speculation model despite everything stands up well. The solid structure guarantees the market cost likewise incorporates various types of insider data and not exclusively open data, and this is the manner by which it varies from the semi-solid structure. The ramifications of this is nobody at all can along these lines have any sort of preferred position over the market in expectation of the stock costs as no conceivable extra information exists which would give extra an incentive to any financial specialist. Be that as it may, if any lawful boundaries exist which forestalls the spread of valuable data, for example, insider exchanging laws f or instance, at that point this type of market effectiveness is beyond the realm of imagination. Section 2 The Efficient Markets Hypothesis was presented by Eugene Fama in 1970. The principle thought of the Efficient Market Hypothesis is dominatingly that market costs must consider all accessible data at some random point. Consequently implying that nobody can beat the market by utilizing promptly accessible open data beside through karma. A market is supposed to be proficient if the cost completely reflects data about that advertise, for instance if the cost of the stock would be unaffected if all data encompassing it was uncovered to all partners in that showcase. Section two of this report will be fundamentally talking about the proof for and against the Efficient Market Hypothesis and whether it is conceivable to misuse showcase wasteful aspects. The suggestions for financial specialists and organizations of the Efficient Markey Hypothesis will likewise be thought of. Contentions For the Efficient Market Hypothesis In any case following the introduction of the proficient market speculation the hypothesis was generally acknowledged, and it was broadly expected that the business sectors were exceptionally productive in considering this data (Malkiel, 2003). It was acknowledged that when data went to the front this would spread quickly and would then be fused promptly into the offer costs decisively. This implied specialized examination, investigation of earlier stock costs, nor any examination of relevent data of a money related sense would lead a speculation to accomplish more fruitful returns than holding arbitrary stocks which have an equivalent hazard factor.â Dimson and Mussavian (1998) see that the proof aggregated during the 1960s and 1970s was predictable with the Efficient Market Hypothesis see. There was a generous support for the feeble and semi solid Efficient Market Hypothesis structures. Despite the fact that later occasions have seen an assault against the Efficient Market Hypothesis, Roll (1994) despite everything sees that it remains amazingly hard to make an elevated level of benefit on a reliable premise even with the most out of control variations of financial exchange effectiveness. These infringement of market proficiency are regularly inconsistent occasions that don't keep going for a while. This can be seen by taking a gander at the way that all in all gainful speculation triumphs are alluded to on a reliable premise as anomalies (Dimson and Mussavian, 1998). Malkiel (2005: 2) says that: the most grounded proof recommending that business sectors are commonly very productive is that proficient financial specialists don't beat the market. In fact, the proof collected in the course of the last 30 or more years makes me more persuaded than any other time in recent memory that our financial exchanges are astoundingly proficient at modifying effectively to new data. This is demonstrating that the business sectors must be productive because of the way that proficient speculators don't in general beat the market, and in this way all accessible data must be considered by the market costs and subsequently there is no addition to be had by any financial specialists by utilizing past costs, or openly or secretly promptly accessible data. Contentions against the Efficient Market Hypothesis Malkiel (2003: 60) sees that by the start of the twenty first century the scholarly predominance of the productive market speculation had become far less widespread and scholastics were beginning to scrutinize the reason and were not tolerating it as they had done beforehand. Shiller (2003 ; 83) states that,  â€Å"[contained in the EMH is] the possibility that theoretical resource costs, for example, stock costs consistently consolidate the best data about crucial qualities and that costs change simply because of good, reasonable information.† However he at that point proceeds onward to examine how not all data is reasonable and not all entertainers are balanced, this would struggle with the effective market speculation which depends on data largy affecting the costs of stock. Just as this few ongoing reports have indicated a scope of observational proof which proposes that stock returns can really have segments of an anticipated sort, along these lines likewise dismissing pieces of the proficient market theory which maintain that taking a gander at past patterns don't consider overabundance picks up when contributing on the stocks against the market. Keim and Stambaugh (1986) express that utilizing gauges dependent on various elements can discover measurably noteworthy consistency in a scope of various stock costs. Lo and MacKinlay (1988) dismiss the irregular walk speculation, which is so frequently considered with the productive market theory hypothesis, and show that it isn't at all steady with the stochastic idea of week by week returns. Experimental proof of return conduct which has been irregular as factors, for example, cost to income proportion (Fama and French, 1992) has resisted any sort of normal discerning clarification and has brought about a n incredible number of scientists thinking about their perspectives and assessments of market productivity. Assessment and Implications for Investors Taking everything into account, it is obvious to see that market costs are not generally unsurprising and that the business sectors have made enormous blunders at specific focuses in time, for instance at the ongoing dotcom web bubble. Here it was clearly conceivable to misuse the market wastefulness to bring in cash for financial specialists. In the short run it might be conceivable to misuse these inconsistent wasteful aspects, however in the drawn out evident worth will consistently go to the front. For whatever length of time that these business sectors do exist, because of it being dependent on the judgment of financial specialists, there will infrequently be blunders made and a few members In the market are probably going to carry on in a not exactly discerning way, as is intrinsic in human instinct. Just as this all data won't really be reasonable and financial specialists are not liable to fundamentally utilize it proportion

John Coltrane Essays - John Coltrane, Miles Davis,

John Coltrane Jazz, taking its underlying foundations in African American people music, has developed, transformed, and transposed itself in the course of the only remaining century to turn into a genuinely American work of art. More than some other sort of music, it places exceptional accentuation on imaginative individual translation. Rather than depending on a composed score, the artist ad libs. For every particular period or style through which jazz has experienced in the course of recent years, there is quite often a solitary individual who can be credited with the advancement of that sound. From Thelonius Priest, and his bebop, to Miles Davis' cool jazz, from Dizzy Gillespie's huge band to John Coltrane's free jazz; America's music has been created, and refined on many occasions through individual experimentation and development. One of the most powerful performers in the improvement of present day jazz is John Coltrane. In this paper, I look at the manner by which Coltrane's melodic developments were identified with the music of the jazz greats of his period and to the tribulations and catastrophes of his life. John William Coltrane was conceived in Hamlet, North Carolina, on September 23, 1926. After two months, his family moved to High Point, North Carolina, where he lived in a genuinely wealthy part of town. He experienced childhood in a run of the mill southern dark family, profoundly strict, and saturated with convention. Both of his folks were artists, his dad played the violin and ukulele, and his mom was an individual from the congregation ensemble. For a few a long time, youthful Coltrane played the clarinet, anyway with mellow intrigue. It was simply after he heard the extraordinary alto saxophonist Johnny Hodges playing with the Duke Ellington band on the radio, that he got enthusiastic about music. He dropped the clarinet and took up the alto saxophone, before long getting very achieved. When Coltrane was thirteen, he encountered a few disasters that would leave an enduring impact on him and would greatly affect the music of his later years. Inside a year, his dad, his uncle, and his priest all kicked the bucket. He lost each significant male impact in his life. In the wake of graduating from secondary school in High Point, he moved to Philadelphia in 1943, where he lived in a little one-room condo and functioned as a worker in a sugar-processing plant. For a year, Coltrane went to Ornstein School of Music. At that point in 1945, he was drafted into the Navy and sent to Hawaii where he was appointed to play clarinet in a band called the Melody Makers. Upon his arrival from Hawaii a year later, Coltrane propelled his music vocation. With each one of those long periods of consistent practice in High Point behind him, having a ground-breaking inward quality from being raised in a profoundly strict family, and with an establishment in melodic hypothesis and an inborn interest throughout everyday life, Coltrane was decidedly ready to genuinely enter a fight. In the late nineteen forties, Coltrane started playing with a few diverse R&B bunches in little bars and clubs around Philadelphia. It became a custom in a considerable lot of the clubs as of now for performers to walk the bar (for example to stroll on the bar while playing one's instrument). Coltrane was embarrassed about experiencing this show each night. To any genuine artist, it was an extraordinarily mortifying encounter - to somebody like Coltrane, who was building up a sort of strict enthusiasm for his music, it was destroying. notwithstanding the negative mental self portrait this experience incited, pundits reprimanded his music as being excessively strange. Coltrane turned out to be extremely discouraged, and looking for an exit plan, he went to heroin. Heroin was an extremely well known medication among dark artists in the forties. It was a joining power that, at first, united them, however at long last made lives and professions deteriorate. In 1949, Dizzy Gillespie welcomed Coltrane to play in his large band. Gillespie had been an exceptionally powerful and significant figure in the bebop development. Bebop was a style of jazz, mainstream during the late thirties and forties. It joined quicker beats, and that's just the beginning complex expressions than the jazz of prior years. Without precedent for some a long time, Coltrane felt some feeling of steadiness in his life. Be that as it may, after a two-year stretch with Gillespie, Coltrane was solicited to leave on the grounds that from his lack of quality because of his heroin compulsion. Once more, Coltrane was decreased towalking the bar, and playing in decrepit clubs. Discouraged and down and out, his dependence developed. It was during this time Coltrane turned out to be exceptionally keen on eastern ways of thinking. At the point when he was not contemplating or playing he burned through the vast majority of his time perusing and

Clinical Practicum Reflection Essay

Clinical Practicum Reflection Essay During my first day of clinical practicum in MMW AQH, the register nurture made a prescription blunder and didn't report it, she rather she attempted to cover it. I might want to consider the occurrence and what I have gained from that circumstance as an attendant. Expand This episode occurred during-my first clinical day in MMW AQH around 1pm while directing medications by a register nurture, I was watching her training in tranquilize organization. She began to set up the medications on advance she requested that I gather the medication outlines from persistent bedside and nursing station .While she was dispersing drugs for understanding she was going to their necessities and noting specialists request when goes she become diverted and lost her focus this circumstance made me befuddled and not knowing which patient is straightaway. The medical caretaker had many undertaking to do simultaneously. She proceeded in sedate organization however this time with inappropriate method of patient recognizable proof, when we reach to the room where episode happen quiet mentioned to ingest his medications later as he despite everything having his lunch she kept the medication close to him and left .After we completed three increasingly persistent she returned to him as remembered something she was looks pushed and alarm, I asked her what happened she didn't answer rather she requested that the patient give her back the tablet. Persistent gave the tablet back to her then she gave him another tablet, I understood this was a medication mistake it was her karma that patient didn't take the medication, she begin to disclose to him what occur and requested expression of remorse, the patient was so furious yet feeling frustrated about her. He scrutinized her in the event that he had the medication who will assume the liability? She didn't reply. He was not ready to raise a ruckus for her so he stayed silent. She continued with her work like nothing occur, I was anticipating that her should report yet she didn't, when I asked the explanation, she answer insofar as no mischief occur there is no compelling reason to report adjacent to that there is no opportunity to report. This left me thinking what number of medicine mistakes left un-revealed? Examine This experience left me disillusioned it was difficult for me to acknowledge what happen in light of the fact that I have fixed accept that quiet security is first notwithstanding how bustling the medical attendants are. From that point forward such huge numbers of inquiry spouted to my head, why this episode occur? What are the causes? Was the staff nurture apprehensive? Is the nursing carelessness worthy? To respond to these inquiries I need to review the circumstance .It was clear that the conditions the staff nurture was in made her inclined to such occurrence, her absence of fixation and her unprofessionalism in regulating medicine made her near put quiet wellbeing at serious risk. Anyway this ought not pardon her from duty. I can comprehend that she was in alarm and in an upsetting circumstance yet she is responsible for her activity since she chooses to turn into a medical attendant and manage human life. I accept that expanded outstanding task at hand caused her to go for alt ernate ways and negligence just to complete the consideration .then again she neglected to recognize the patient on account of interruption. However, the principle motivation behind why she didn't report is perhaps she ponders her associates response and she might be rebuffed for that. From what I encountered medicate blunder could be preventable if the staff attendants cling carefully to emergency clinic polices regardless. Modify There is no precise definition for tranquilize blunder at the same time, the National Patient Safety Agency and the US National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention characterize it as an any preventable occasion that may lead or cause unseemly prescription use or patient damage while the drug is in the control of wellbeing proficient (smith, 2004). As per the most recent explores which directed by Food and medication organization affiliation and the National Patient Safety Agency tranquilize mistakes in every case left unreported for some reasons, a portion of these reasons are identified with dread and work over-burden. These two elements were viewed as the most commanding elements with regards to medicate mistakes. Inordinate work consistently leaves the staff exhausted and engrossed with many assignment to do and less time to complete it (Mayo, Duncan Chloe, 2004). Work over burden lead the staff to go for the most brief and simplest ways which bring about poor nursing practice. Bombed persistent recognizable proof is likewise another consequence of work over-burden, social insurance proficient can't counter check and confirm understanding character accurately with other staff as a result of extreme work. Then again Fear from outcomes and the associates response are consistently the motivation behind why medicinal services proficient will in general conceal medicate mistakes and not announcing it. Their confidence will be severely influenced at that time thus, they will free the capacity to pass judgment and they will comet increasingly indispensable slip-ups. Anyway not detailing drug blunder is more awful and hurtful to the patient life. Demonstrable skill is the best way to build up the nursing practice in directing medications. Right patient distinguishing proof, Right portion, Right medication, Right time, Right course and Right documentation are the most secure shower to follow(ClaytonStock, 1997). New methodology Medication mistakes are a typical issue in medicinal services offices which consistently connected with genuine occasions so announcing about blunders turning into an absolute necessity to improve the framework and patient security .Most of the worldwide authorize emergency clinics, for example, Alwasl Hospitel are currently accuse free culture, urging staffs to report the blunders and not to get scared by it. Likewise they manage reports in classified way so the entrance to such documentation is confined to approve individual. Their approach detail that all episode report ought to be written in story depiction which should be far reaching portrayal of realities containing no close to home decisions or assessment and no suggestion or allegations (AWH. PP,2004). These medical clinics are giving instructive meeting about mistakes detailing which is essential to expand the mindfulness among the staffs so as to turn into a positive connection in the emergency clinic. These clinics are ke eping up yearly skills in drug the board and use though wellbeing couldn't care less expert. One objective that all human services offices are attempting to accomplish is limiting outstanding burden on the social insurance proficient. A large portion of these emergency clinics are controlling patient numbers and doing whatever it takes not to go past their ability, they additionally making a decent attempt to explain the staff lack in way that won't influence patients and staffs. Different routes in improving medicine organization framework is by mechanize the medication diagrams for greater lucidity and utilizing unit portion framework. This framework enables the wellbeing to mind proficient to limit tranquilize mistake, it incorporate single unit bundle with nonexclusive and brand name, fabricate, part number and termination date. Following this framework has numerous preferences. First it decreases the time spent by medical attendants in getting ready medications. The drug specia list will have a reasonable vision about patient circumstance in regards to antagonistic response and contraindication. Persistent distinguishing proof will be simpler as each single bundle has quiet name and number so twofold à ¢Ã£ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ ¬check may not required in crisis cases(ClaytonStock,1997).

Life After Author and Title Initailly Starting in Para Samples in Essay

<h1> Life After Author and Title Initailly Starting in Para Samples in Essay </h1> <p>An powerful close to home exposition is in a situation to channel solid and solid messages to the peruser. It's easier to confide in a bio that appears to have been composed through a goal eyewitness. An enticing paper's point is to persuade your perusers your perspective is the best one. </p> <p>A composition for a short story or article shouldn't have an unmistakable cover sheet. A paper article is effortlessly summed up with the help of this format as it offers the unmistakable space for each purpose of the post and anybody may have a reasonable thought regarding the most significant article and its substance. It must have the data with respect to the creator, the title of the writing, the name of the central characters and the diagram of the story. 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The most tragic character Essay Example For Students

The most heartbreaking character Essay The novella Of Mice and Men composed by John Steinbeck initially starts from the sonnet by eighteenth century artist Robert Burns qualified For a mouse. We realize that the title of the sonnet has been taken from the line in the seventh stanza of the sonnet the best laid plans o mice and men pack toward the back agley, a leae us nothing yet misery a pain. Parallels can be drawn between the sonnet and the novella, specifically George and Lennies American dream, when we take a gander at the section containing the title of the sonnet. This stanza talks about how the best plans of man regularly come up short and leave us with agony and anguish, and this legitimately hints the way that Lennie and Georges dream won't be made a reality. We will compose a custom article on The most disastrous character explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The deplorability obviously, lies in the way that regardless of how intricately George and Lennie plan, paying little mind to how strongly they expectation and dream, this fantasy will end in distress. Steinbeck sets the short story in 1930s America during the unforgiving Great Depression years, and because of the absence of cash and work right now, the quantity of vagrant laborers was high. The short novel spotlights on the battles of two specific vagrant laborers chipping away at a farm in California. This is maybe an impression of Steinbecks own encounters filling in as a vagrant specialist on country Californian farms, and we see the impressions that his encounters have made upon him through his work. We additionally observe Steinbecks past encounters affecting his writing in different works, for example, The Grapes of Wrath. Through Steinbecks depiction of specific characters, we are likewise given an understanding into the social setting of the time. When taking a gander at disaster these social settings give proof to certain characters to be portrayed as unfortunate, when dependent on both present day and conventional translations of catastrophe. We see through Crooks, and how he is alienated from the remainder of the laborers, a case of the racial segregation of the occasions. Criminals can be viewed as unfortunate dependent on present day understandings of disaster because of the isolation. In light of Greek and Shakespearean translations of disaster, Lennie and Curleys spouse can be considered as shocking, as all through the novella they produce sentiments of pity, dread and fervor in the crowd, and both remain imperfect, this being a significant Aristotle include, which lead to their destructions. Through Curleys spouse we see the misogynist treatment of ladies, as they are depicted by Steinbeck as property of their better half. This chauvinist treatment of ladies excites feel sorry for in the crowd, and can be said to depict Curleys spouse as awful. We read of the mission of the American dream and the significance of this to Lennie, and as it is foreshadowed that this fantasy is probably not going to ever happen an awful component is drawn. We likewise have compassion for Lennie as a result of the extreme treatment of those with constrained mental capacity. This treatment gives us present day explanations behind Lennie to be considered as heartbreaking, particularly when contrasted with perspectives today. This paper will concentrate on the three characters named in the presentation, and investigate the degree to which they can be portrayed as grievous. The exposition will likewise challenge the possibility of Lennie being the most unfortunate character in the novella. The primary character to be investigated in this article is Crooks. Toward the start of part four Crooks is given the longest depiction of the considerable number of characters in the novella. We read of his profound dark wrinkles, and his torment fixed lips. This proposes Steinbeck has expectations for him as a significant character, and Steinbeck proceeds to utilize Crooks to represent the racial isolation. Hoodlums is likewise used to show the general dejection of farm laborers, and Steinbeck utilizes him to bring the forlornness experienced by all the characters into point of view. We read of Crooks saying, A person needs somebody to be close to him .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 , .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .postImageUrl , .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 , .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8:hover , .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8:visited , .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8:active { border:0!important; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8:active , .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8:hover { haziness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uc5769 bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Explore Shakespeare's introduction of Act 3 Scene 1 As A Turning Point In The Play? EssayA fellow goes crazy in the event that he aint got no one A person gets too forlorn a he becomes ill Here Steinbeck is presenting the requirement for human cooperation. We are given the feeling that Crooks is profoundly influenced by the racial order, and by how he has been excluded from the remainder of the farm. From this we have proof to see Crooks as terrible, particularly because of his forlornness and how is has been shunned dependent on his skin shading alone. Steinbeck additionally depicts hoodlums as a pleased, reserved man. It appears that Crooks pride causes him manage his depression. The peruser identifies with Crooks, adding to the subject of catastrophe. In the novella, Crooks is additionally truly crippled. Law breakers has been given this name due to his abnormal spine, adding to the image Steinbeck draws of Crooks as a heartbreaking, deplorable character. We read toward the beginning of part four Crooks scouring liniment on his spine, he held a container of liniment, and with the other he scoured his spine When perusing this the peruser has an image of this glad man diminished to investing his energy in his own scouring his abnormal back. We again identify with Crooks, and he can be depicted as unfortunate dependent on this. Moreover, toward the finish of the part we read, in his pink palm and stretching around fell gradually to scouring his back. This presents us with a pattern of Crooks; as he is depicted as the single character toward the start of the section, and he is the equivalent toward the end. We can surmise from this that as long as the social setting of the occasions remains, Crooks would consistently be dealt with the equivalent, and from this an advanced appalling component can be drawn. We additionally read of Crooks being a substitute for the farm laborers. We read the manager creates some serious trouble for him when hes distraught This advises the peruser that because of Crooks being dark, all the fault is put on him for issues on the farm. In any case, it very well may be said that a chance of an adjustment in Crooks circumstance may have happened had Curleys spouse not went into Crooks room. Until this point in part four, one might say that Crooks had begun to trust in an American dream. On the off chance that you folks would need a hand to no end why Id come a help. I aint so injured Crooks really requests an offer in the fantasy, however Steinbeck demands keeping to the unfortunate topic, thus before this inquiry is even replied, Curleys spouse enters. This is noteworthy for proof for Crooks to be viewed as appalling, as a result of how Curleys wifes words influence Crooks. Hoodlums endeavors to confront Curleys spouse you got no rights comin in a hued keeps an eye on room, however the ever present bigotry is again evident from Curleys wifes answer, listen nigger, you recognize what I can do on the off chance that you open your mouth I can get you hung on a tree so natural it aint even amusing These words pointedly bring Crooks practical, and diminish him to nothing. This occurrence including these two characters stimulates more compassion in the peruser, and can be said to summarize the proof for Crooks to be depicted as awful.

Freaks and Geeks (Themes) Free Essays

Oddities and Geeks: Pilot Episode Evaluation Persuasive Paragraph There are numerous media components that can portray the clubs that existed once in secondary school, as they are currently inaccessible generalizations. The network show â€Å"Freaks Geeks† has been improved by the utilization of media components, henceforth permitting the clubs to be effortlessly observed by watchers. Right off the bat, the lighting is a component that genuinely separates the clubs that have been framed dependent on a cliché group. We will compose a custom paper test on Oddities and Geeks (Themes) or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now For instance, the lighting utilized in the start of the show by the movie producer truly shows the distinctions of levels on the secondary school natural pecking order. The producer begins the hotshot by indicating the commonplace athlete and team promoter connections, the most elevated of the natural way of life, with splendid lighting and open spaces (Appatow 1999). At that point the lighting out of nowhere changes to underneath the seats in a dim and confined, yet insubordinate hang out spot for the Freaks (Appatow 1999). Consequently, permitting the watchers to see the programmed contrast between the two cliché levels. Furthermore, the following component that improve the coteries shaped in the demonstrate would need to be the melodic association. Judd Appatow, the movie producer, picks tunes that superbly mirror the conduct, character, and likes of the various gatherings. The movie producer decides to play the individual; yet various tunes to start with to permit the watchers to make sense of that there are contrasts in every coterie. At the outset the Freaks are demonstrated tuning in to tunes like â€Å"Running with the Devil† by Van Halen (Appatow 1999), and the Geeks being spoken to by the tune â€Å"I’m Alright† by Kenny Loggins (Appatow 1999). This enables the watcher to achieve a superior comprehension of the gatherings. In conclusion, the utilization of demonstrating struggle and anticipation as well, really show the distinction between the factions. The movie producer, Judd Appatow, switches scenes which show the split focal points of contention. Demonstrating the watcher that more than one clash situation shows up in the show. Judd Appatow changes scenes from the quirky existence of Lindsay Weir’s more youthful sibling Sam, and the issues he faces with menaces and smashes (Appatow 1999). At that point, changes to Lindsay’s consistent fight with her previous lifestyle and the new life she made for herself (Appatow 1999). This develops the tension by giving the watchers considerably more clash to keep them on the edge of their seats. By tossing more clashes in the way of the two significant characters, the watchers will stay intrigued, and the anticipation of the choices made by their characters keep the watchers needing more. Accordingly, the employments of media components not just upgrade the general appearance of the show, yet in addition help the comprehension of the watcher in delineating the ‘cliques’ of the school. Works Cited: â€Å"Freaks and Geeks†. Dir. Judd Appatow. Perf. Linda Cardellini, John Francis Daley, James Franco, Samm Levine, Seth Rogen, Jason Segel, Becky Ann Baker, Joe Flaherty, Busy Philipps, Sarah Hagan. Vital Pictures Corporation (PPC), 1999. DVD. The most effective method to refer to Freaks and Geeks (Themes), Papers

How to Find the College Essay Guy Using the Internet Free Trial

<h1>How to Find the College Essay Guy Using the Internet Free Trial</h1><p>Using the intensity of the Internet, anybody can join the numerous web based dating destinations and quickly start searching for that uncommon school paper fellow. This is the ideal chance to utilize a free preliminary to check whether you are perfect before really focusing on anything.</p><p></p><p>It isn't elusive a school paper fellow on the Internet. Each profile needs a photograph, and there is normally more than one photograph. Huge numbers of these men can be very urgent to meet women.</p><p></p><p>If you are not kidding about gathering the correct man for you, you ought to go to an internet dating website. The principle purpose behind this is on the grounds that the dating destinations need individuals to utilize their administration so they can give dating administrations to other people. This implies they have to make profiles for men who couldn't want anything more than to meet women.</p><p></p><p>These men are really frantic to discover somebody simply like them. These profiles are uncovering. For instance, you will see that the profile may incorporate references to a past sweetheart or beau. This is on the grounds that the locales realize that ladies are the least demanding to discover on the Internet.</p><p></p><p>It is clear why the dating destinations utilize the Internet in making these profiles. Since such a significant number of ladies visit web based dating locales, they need to ensure they get ladies that will be keen on them. The profiles you will discover on these destinations are intended to pull in whatever number men as could reasonably be expected, and afterward to send them messages offering to meet them with the expectation of complimentary preliminary dating.</p><p></p><p>A extraordinary approach to begin to discover a sch ool exposition fellow is by heading off to various dating locales that offer a free preliminary. You should join to begin, yet once you do you will get a progression of profiles from men who are now utilizing these locales. This offers you the chance to meet a man who may be somebody you may like.</p><p></p><p>Once you start a free preliminary, you may even wind up getting very stricken. All things considered, this is an extraordinary method to meet individuals without going through any cash or focusing on anything long haul. The advantage is that you are ensured a full arrangement of messages and photographs to see which men react to you and how they respond.</p><p></p><p>Whether you discover the school paper fellow utilizing the free preliminary or not, it is consistently critical to ensure you are meeting somebody you truly like. You will make some extraordinary memories in the event that you locate the correct one, yet recall that you should just confide in yourself to become acquainted with somebody before you focus on anything.</p>

Key Pieces of Medical Ethics Essay Topics

<h1> Key Pieces of Medical Ethics Essay Topics </h1> <p>In the safeguard of wellbeing paternalism, an individual can contend that it's anticipated from the clinical expert to do what's best for their patient. The clinical or human services morals has at any rate four essential standards. It's particularly critical when it has to do with the make a difference of premature birth. The issue of morals in medication is especially critical and complex. </p> <p>There are bunches of aspects of medication, and a couple of them repudiate the ethical establishments of various people. It's anything but a private practice. The British Medical Association says specialists need more assistance to address the convoluted moral issues which are a piece of contemporary drug. Clinical morals is critical as it enables clinical specialists to spare their patients in the most imperative activities. </p> <p>The most ideal approach to improve the standard of wellbeing help is a joint effort of particular structures and foundations. In all conditions, the clinical professional ought to take a stab at the advantages of her or his patients in order to give them quality help. Points identified with wellbeing give a decent arrangement of decision. Nowadays, there's an amazing need to rearrange the wellbeing business in a large number of means. </p> <p>There's a solid interest for reconsideration of the significance of wellbeing pr actice. Notwithstanding such a general public one was naturally introduced to, the idea of profound quality will be one that draws consideration. The idiosyncrasies of each control firmly impact an individual and may emphatically or adversely ponder the last results. Another confounded thing about morals is the way that it is firmly identified with every circle of our life. </p> <h2>Want to Know More About Medical Ethics Essay Topics? </h2> <p>The moral code of wellbeing related specialists causes them to do whatever is conceivable to help their patients. As in the last models, it tends to be exceedingly difficult to shout out, particularly once an occurrence includes well known children. This case presents a potential way where the infection could be distributed in the individuals and a possible response. What's fairly worthy for a solitary individual, might be totally unnatural for the other one. </p> <p>In the end, all people, along with their families who had been on the man's trips in the weeks going before the appearance of the sickness are compelled to get the immunization. A few people can't be upbeat. Expect you own a patient and you must reveal to him that his life will end in a few months. The doctor, who isn't generally excellent, makes an awful showing on the knee, and the man strolls with a little limp for an incredible rest. </p> <p>Order modest hand crafted exposition help on the web to discover how basic it very well may be to get A's for your composed assignments. For certain understudies, a gathering of point is the least difficult part. 1-2 pages will be adequate. </p> <p>Most issues can have papers on all the previously mentioned questions. Fortunately for us, there's no absence of such points as a few issues raise conversation in the social insurance research network. Twofold check to be certain you have addressed each segment of each question. In light of the headway of your exploration, the chief inquiry could be changed a few times. </p> <p>You will probably be changing a few things in the range of the examination. Attempt to be sure that you're remaining at the specific page with them. A fundamental assessment of a view is certifiably not your very own negligent venting sincere beliefs about the view. On the off chance that you're searching for help with your exposition, at that point we give a thorough composing administration offered by completely qualified scholastics in your general vicinity of study.</p> <p>Medicine is a serious broad theme to create an examination paper about. Morals is among those subjects which might be very trying for understudies. Discussing Human Cloning research papers talk about either side of the issue of human cloning. </p> <p>Do not hold up till you've filled every one of the exploration holes. The standpoint probably won't be as terrible as it might appear. Composing an exploration paper of any kind can be exceptionally an occupation. </p>

Purchasing Starship Troopers Book Essay Topics

<h1> Purchasing Starship Troopers Book Essay Topics</h1> <p>Other brilliant components of war films which were found in Starship Troopers is the push to create the adversary appear to be brutal. Be that as it may, the space being investigated in Starship Troopers is about how those 2 things cover. All of the 20 missions has an assortment of objectives that must be met. You must remember that Starship Troopers was at first distributed in 1959. </p> <p>Exactly like a drill, he states! Some of the infantry cutting edge weapons consolidate an atomic rocket that might be shot in a bazooka-like standard. The closets for a ton of the fighters reflect Nazi outfits. </p> <p>His stress was not an inert one. Since the beginning, people have thought of techniques to upgrade the numerous assortments of innovation. </p> <p>I read somewhat about Heinlein while experiencing that particular piece and it seems like in his later life he turned into a little libertarian. Other than being amusing to watch, you can make sure about an extremely astounding thought for the different undertakings it is conceivable to make. Here is a psychological study. At any rate you are continually going to have every one of those damp images to flexibly you with a laugh. </p> <p>The book additionally addresses heaps of various issues, noted in various answers. This is a troublesome inquiry to answer. Different people can't help contradicting every last one of these focuses. That is the absolute best answer I can give you. </p> <p>You should know about the system. As Italian tyrant Benito Mussolini stated, There isn't any thought of the State that isn't essentially an idea of life. It would be ideal if you check whether you're allowed to begin Read Online or Download from our library by creating a record. There are bunches of options and chances to stop or drop from the military at whenever you just lose the option to win entire democratic citizenship. </p> <p>Agents can't take such a large number of levels in the specific capacities, on the grounds that the cerebrum can't deal with it. Sadly, furthermore, this is among the most noticeably terrible things about the web. A large portion of the fun of Starship Troopers is the opportunity to investigate new strategies to forestall passing in a full choice of conditions, and the basic system inside this section will empower a GM to pick new and charming settings on a typical premise. Yet, it isn't your organization or mine to decide the goal b ehind the control. </p> <p>Not initiates, normally, however anyone who had made a minumum of one battle drop. Not exclusively does it not give you much helpful data concerning the game, yet moreover it doesn't flexibly a rundown of the different keys important to control your troopers. The hugeness of shooting initially can't be stressed enough close battle with a bug isn't even an extreme decision. One of the advantages of SF is you can get an adversary who's irrefutably incorrect. </p> <p>You will be glad you did. I was unable to picture them, and I genuinely wished to be in a situation to. This doesn't work quite well. Which is as it should be. </p> <h2> The Essentials of Starship Troopers Book Essay Topics You Will have the option to Benefit From Beginning Right Away </h2> <p>I am ready to acknowledge it like a fiction, yet once more, I imagine that it's ridiculous. As such, Hemingway and Heinlein are extraordinarily comparative. It was by all accounts very mean dering, with no evident plot. Verhoeven merits a lot of the credit however. </p> <p>Simply, it's basically a fictionalized diary. It isn't sensible to pass judgment on the property of the storyteller himself on the grounds that the bore of the sound was so awful. The book is a fairly political scifi novel. This book was a special case, much appreciate every one of the great pieces of writing in a specific type. </p> <h2> Who Else Wants to Learn About Starship Troopers Book Essay Topics?</h2> <p>That it was finished by someone with a protracted, unchallenged history of procuring present day abuse films says a lot. Close to the beginning of the beginning of the film Earth is assaulted by 8-legged creature. In addition to the fact that it is helpful it allows to become familiar with the imaginative procedures of extraordinary compared to other science fiction journalists ever. Perusing that story for the absolute first time, after twenty decades, it's fascinating to rate those reactions and think about my own translation. </p> <p>The hidden thoughts are unquestionably the most intriguing component of the film. It needs a blend of covertness, overpowering power, and target segregation that is difficult to get right. This endeavor of making the foes appear to be brutal has ever been the situation in most of war films. It additionally brings about savagery each time a quiet alternative could have been a superior arrangement. </p>

The Benefits Of Hiring A Professional College Essay Writer

<h1>The Benefits Of Hiring A Professional College Essay Writer</h1><p>Many individuals who are in the workforce should employ an expert school exposition author for composing articles, school papers, research papers and considerably more. It is significant that the exposition essayists are composed well and can convey what they guarantee. So as to guarantee this, you should locate an extraordinary organization to use.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous advantages to utilizing an organization, as it will make your activity such a great amount of simpler than when you were composing it yourself. Composing expositions for instance, is something that requires inventiveness and difficult work. The most ideal approach to be fruitful at this is to recruit somebody who is experienced.</p><p></p><p>The best organizations will ensure that the entirety of their representatives are very much prepared and taught before they go out to work. They ought to have done activities like this previously. This guarantees the scholars can convey the quality work that you are searching for. The best authors are going to ensure that you have an extraordinary encounter when you compose the article for your school or university.</p><p></p><p>You can locate an incredible organization by just doing a little exploration on the web. By doing this, you will have the option to get a rundown of organizations that are appropriate for you. It is significant that you comprehend what you are searching for before you begin reaching these companies.</p><p></p><p>What you will be searching for is an individual who has been composing for a long time. Somebody who has amazing relational abilities will likewise be significant. In the event that they have any issues whatsoever with conveying the undertaking, at that point you should proceed onward to another company.</p><p></p>&l t;p>As you can see, there are numerous advantages of utilizing an expert article author to help with composing your tests or college papers. This is the reason it is essential that you take as much time as necessary in discovering one. They ought to be experienced and ought to have a phenomenal notoriety with the college.</p><p></p><p>You will have the option to discover a few tributes from past customers by doing a hunt on the web. Investigate these and discover who the most expert exposition scholars are. Address them and ensure that they have what you are searching for before you start to contact them.</p><p></p><p>Once you locate the best organization, you will at that point need to locate the best exposition journalists. This is finished by searching for the individuals who compose well and have a lot of understanding. Set aside the effort to choose somebody who has a decent notoriety and to locate the best ones that you can.&l t;/p>

What You Should Know About Writing a College Essay

<h1>What You Should Know About Writing a College Essay</h1><p>At some point in your school profession, you will probably end up composing a school article. Regardless of whether you are attempting to get into school or just need to make sure about a meeting for a situation, there are numerous things you can do to help yourself.</p><p></p><p>Although composing a school exposition is commonly a genuinely simple undertaking, there are numerous tips you can follow that will improve your odds of excelling on your last paper. You should initially know about the various kinds of expositions, you can compose. For instance, in the event that you are wanting to win a four year certification from school, you might be required to compose an oral history venture. Each sort of article is one of a kind thus it is imperative to recognize what you ought to do when composing one.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous experts and private journ alists who are happy to work with you to assist you with composing your paper, and you should get in touch with them before you start composing. They will show you methods that will make your paper increasingly powerful. They will give you tips and procedures that will guarantee you meet or surpass the quality necessities set by school affirmations. In the event that you are keen on proficient assistance, it is conceivable to gain from the absolute best in the field at your nearby junior college or university.</p><p></p><p>Local schools regularly have proficient consultants who can help you around there thus you should contact the College Admissions Department at your neighborhood college to demand their help. There are generally free examples accessible just as starting articles that may demonstrate useful.</p><p></p><p>Many understudies utilize the private composing administration gave by coaches can likewise offer numerous valuable tips on the most proficient method to compose your paper. They are commonly truly adept at clarifying how they would diagram your paper and furnish you with a few example articles. Frequently the instructor and the guide will team up to deliver another paper that is totally exceptional and that you will both be glad of.</p><p></p><p>If you are getting ready for a family supper, remember to give a rundown of inquiries concerning your own experience and individual life. You ought to be explicit when composing this area. On the off chance that you don't know how to address an inquiry, don't hesitate to allude to the reality sheet or the parent asset materials. They will assist you with thinking of a compact and valuable portrayal of yourself.</p><p></p><p>By rolling out some basic improvements to your paper, you can grab get into or get a meeting for school. That, yet you will be bound to find a new line of work on the off chance that you realize how to create and make a school essay.</p>

Beta Club Essay Samples

<h1>Beta Club Essay Samples</h1><p>If you're an understudy with a little extra time, at that point think about composing an article for the Beta Club. Beta Club Essay tests can be taken from every single diverse sort of schools and associations. The sort of exposition you compose will rely on the idea of the club. There are various sorts of Beta Clubs, however they will in general share something practically speaking, which is that they are clubs with an enthusiasm for the characteristic world.</p><p></p><p>Clubs that are in this classification are extremely just valuable on the off chance that you know the club you are working with. A portion of the clubs center around nature and one must be somewhat mindful so as not to expound on something so outside that the peruser won't completely comprehend what you are attempting to state. This is particularly valid for clubs, for example, the Aqua Club.</p><p></p><p>The Aqua C lub is a science club. They additionally will in general be exceptionally keen on working with and getting nature. They are in their component with regards to working with dolphins and scuba plunging. They are utilized to work with these things so the whole club gets the chance to appreciate the experience.</p><p></p><p>In request to compose an awesome article for the Beta Club, you need to remain inside the idea of the club. For instance, the Dolphin Club can be appreciated by anybody, anyway most by far of individuals would think that its difficult to expound on a swimming dolphin. It is intriguing to perceive how these authors clarify something like the Dolphin Club.</p><p></p><p>Most Beta Club Essay tests don't concentrate on dolphins and scuba jumping, however rather clarify the idea of the club itself. This sort of composing is ideal for these clubs. The author needs to remember the subject and the club so as to make the article as convincing as could be expected under the circumstances. Something else to remember is that the club may utilize an alternate type of correspondence than you may use for your own writing.</p><p></p><p>The bunch in the Beta Club additionally work with creatures, especially dolphins and whales. They frequently invest a great deal of energy watching them so as to get familiar with them. It is captivating to watch these whales swim in nature. Numerous individuals appreciate watching them, anyway they are undermined by things, for example, contamination and over fishing.</p><p></p><p>As an essayist, these clubs are an incredible spot to investigate an entirely different arrangement of subjects. The Beta Club utilizes science as an approach to additionally comprehend the earth and the common world. You can wind up utilizing language that is nearly foreign.</p><p></p><p>Most Beta Club Essay tests are composed by the understudies that took them. You may think you are composing for the club, however it is smarter to adhere to nature. Doing this can shield you from experiencing any difficulty with the arrangement part of the essay.</p>

Female Offenders

Alternatives to Custodial Sentences for Female Offenders This dissertation questions the increase in the female prison population in recent years. It then goes on to outline some reasons against imprisoning women, looking at the alternatives to custodial sentences, and the past and upcoming policy. It suggests that alternatives should be considered over and above custodial sentences as these may be more appropriate for the needs of women. (2) Introduction In the last few years there has been a widespread concern for the numbers of women that are imprisoned. Between 1993 and 2003, the female population increased by almost 200% . Many have concerns about this, for example, The Howard League for Penal Reform published its submission to the United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention, expressing serious concern at the increase in the use of prison for women and the added problems they face in custody. The Howard League for Penal Reform research shows that 4,394 women were detained in 18prisons in England and Wales on 4 March 2005, almost treble the number held in 1993. The number of women experiencing prison over the year has increased by almost 3,000 as most women are sent to prison for only short periods. The number of women on remand has also increased by about a third. This has meant that womens imprisonment has come under the spotlight for both the public and academics alike. In response to the growing concerns for the unsuitability of custodial sentences for the majority of women there have been attempts to find alternatives to imprisonment that are more appropriate. There has been much concern about the greater numbers of women being imprisoned for several reasons. In the past there has been a reluctance to see punishment as gender specific. As Carlen (2002:3) points out: Theories of punishment are usually expected to be gender-neutral: the state punishes, the citizen submits and the legitimacy of the punishment is debated according to the jurisprudential principles of the time. But recently, for example, there has been increasing recognition that the criminal profile of women prisoners is different to that of their male counterparts, and the rehabilitative needs of these women are also different to imprisoned men. In addition the needs of the children of some of these incarcerated women are beginning to be recognised. This dissertation will look at some of these issues that are of growing concern, firstly outlining the main reasons why the female prison population has increased in recent years, and then looking at how custodial sentences are inappropriate for the needs of women. It will then go on to consider a few alternatives to custody that may be more appropriate. In doing so it is necessary to take a look at the policy in this area to establish the problems and make recommendations for the future. Pat Carlen puts forward some questions that are asked each time womens imprisonment comes under the spotlight: Is it necessary to sends many women to prison? Are women treated differently to men by the police, the courts and the prisons? Why are so many poor, black and mentally ill women in prison? And so on (Carlen, 1998: 2). This dissertation will attempt to explore some of these questions and the issues that surround them. It aims to show that there is a vast disparity between the present system of womens imprisonment and the needs of the women being sent to them, and in doing so will examine the alternatives to custodial sentences for women. It is important to consider gender differentials at this point. Carlen (2002: 7) puts forward the question: Are women punished differently to men? and in response suggests that there are six main bodies of literature that attempt to answer this question. Firstly, there is the historical literature which focuses on the quantity and quality of womens punishments; Secondly, sociological literature which places the experience of womens punishment within the wider framework of control, arguing that women appear less frequently in the courts as they are more closely constrained by informal controls of family, factory, fashion, men and medicine (Carlen, 2002: 7). Socio-legal studies endeavour to establish whether women are sentenced more or less harshly than men; criminological studies attempt to ascertain and assess the quality of the confinement experienced by imprisoned women. Also a campaigning literature is identified by Carlen, which argues fore variety of reasons that women receive a harsher punishment than that of their male counterparts; and, the literature that has responded to this criticism, for example that provided by the official Home Office Inspectorates. It can be ascertained from the wide review of this literature that firm evidence that supports the fact that women are more severely punished than men is difficult to find, as Carlen points out, In sum, the findings of all this research and scholarship suggest that there is no strong statistical evidence to support claims that women are sentenced more harshly than men.(Carlen, 2002: 7). In addition to this it would be awkward to ascertain the gender-bias as separate from the bias relating to class or race. However, based on the demographic characteristics of imprisoned women, Carlen (2002: 8) argues that although the majority of women are treated more leniently by the criminal justice system (for example see Lederman and Gels Thorpe, 1997, quoted in Carlen, 2002: 8), certain women, in particular those who have been brought up in the states institutional care, have transient lifestyles, have their own children already in state guardianship, are living out with family and male-related domesticity, or are members of the of ethnic minority groups-are more likely to proceed through the criminal justice system and end up in prison. Although this argument does not contend with the argument that women are treated more leniently with men, it complements the argument of Lederman and Gels Thorpe: The likelihood that female offenders may overall receive more lenient treatment than males does not rule out the possibility that individual women receive unusually harsh treatment. (Lederman and Gels Thorpe, 1994: 4) As can be seen from the following chapter, gender influences are evident within all aspects of crime, criminality and the criminal justice system. Gender stereotypes can inform decisions as to whether person has committed a crime, whether they should be prosecuted and found guilty for a crime, and indeed, gender affects how a person might be punished and how this may affect the criminal and society. Criminal law tends to render women as passive victims, and when they appear as criminal they can either treated as irrational, acting under external factors or as unfeminine monsters (Nicolson, 2000:25). Despite this, its only recently that these gender dimensions have been considered, as Nicolson points out, Traditionally criminal law has been analysed and taught as if its rules are gender blind and as if the gender of both the victims and perpetrators of crime is irrelevant(from Nicolson and Bobbings, 2002: 1). This gender-blind approach to crime and the criminal justice system has now been recognised and analysed by feminists and criminologists alike. Fox (2002) urges that it is crucial for both feminist scholars and students of criminal law to engage with the issue of punishment, as this offers a key to understanding substantive law issues, in the past, she suggests, literature has focussed on women who kill, for example, but has failed to put forward a suggestion for whether these women should be punished and how. This paper will attempt to redress this imbalance. (3) Explanations of the Increase in the Female Prison Population In looking at the explanations underlying the steep increase in womens imprisonment in recent years, the study undertaken by Carlen(1998) offers some useful points to consider. She accumulated several opinions in her study which serve to add understanding. A female Prison Governor suggested that the number of prison sentences are higher despite no significant rise in the number of reported crime due to several reasons; firstly, she suggests that it could be andante-feminist approach that says, well, if you women want equality, youve got to take it; secondly, it could be due to the rising pressure on women in society to cope financially without a partner leading to more crime being committed; thirdly, she suggests, it could be that women in the past have been more likely to go down the route of being admitted to a mental hospital which has suffered cuts in funding. A Prison Officer put forward that women are still being sent to prison for trivial crimes, which is supported by prisoner s comments. Carlen summarises the responses given as thus: (1) more women are committing violent crimes; (2) more women who would not have previously gone to prison are going due to increasing involvement with drugs; (3)more black women are going to prison so racism may be the key; or (4)prison is being used to incarcerate the same social categories for women that it always has the destitute, the most obviously gender deviant, and the mentally disturbed but the numbers of women presenting themselves in these categories have increased with growing economic inequality (Carlen, 1998: 51). Another explanation is that women are becoming more violent, indeed the proportion of female prisoners under sentence for crimes of violence against the person was indeed (at 20 per cent) only two present less than the proportion of male prisoners. Fletcher (1975, in Carlen, 1998: 52) supports this view: It is undoubtedly the case that the level of convictions of violence against the person has increased among women. However, he also points out that, the female prison population has risen steeply whilst serious convictions have actually fallen; suggesting that this may be due to longer sentences being served. As will be seen later, it is much more likely that it is the increase in more punitive sentencing for trivial crimes that is more likely to offer an explanation. It is possible that racism is the key to increases in the female prison population, as the Home Office (1997) points out: In June 1996, there were 10,200 people from ethnic minorities in Prison Service establishments. Ethnic minorities accounted for 18percent of the male prison population and 24 per cent of the female population compared with 6 per cent of the male and female populations of England and Wales (From Carlen, 1998: 54). However, there may be other reasons underlying these numbers, and its impossible to disentangle issues of race, gender, and other forms of inequality. Unfortunately there is no time here to consider all the concerns that this issue deserves, except to say that it may be contributory factor to the increased numbers of imprisoned women, but this view is highly contentious. Carlen (1998: 54) suggests that when women are being considered for tougher sentence rather than a milder sentence, they may be escalated up the tariff towards the custodial end more quickly than a male purely because the range of non-custodial facilities for women is narrower. However, although all these concepts will serve in some way to increase the numbers of female offenders serving custodial sentences, the most likely and supported factor is the economic and social status of women: despite exaggerated claims about increasingly violent and addiction driven female offenders, it appears that there is consensus amongst most analysts and commentators that the steep increases in the numbers of women received into British Prisons in the1990s can best be explained by the increased numbers of women in the social categories of economic need and social deprivation who have traditionally been more vulnerable to imprisonment, and by the increased punitiveness of the courts towards female offenders in general. (Carlen, 1998: 56) (4) Reasons Against Imprisoning Women The Feminist Response In looking at the feminist response to criminal justice for women, firstly it is important to look at the general models of punishment that exist today. Fox (2000: 51) points out that traditionally there are three main theories of punishment retribution, deterrence and rehabilitation. The retribution model is concerned with the notion of vengeance, and balancing the punishment with the level of harm inflicted on the victim. Advocates of this just desert approach(Clarkson and Keating ) claim that it ensures proportionality between crime and punishment, promises limited punishment, helps reduce sentencing disparity and protects rights by restoring due process. However this approach is open to criticism due to its lack of consideration of individual factors such as poverty, unemployment, inequality and gender, assuming that every individual is an autonomous member of society. Similarly, the deterrence model focuses on rational autonomous action through its aim of discouraging crime through the threat and example of punishment, which like the latter model does not take into account individual differences, including the responsibility held by criminals. Fox (2000: 53) suggests that the rehabilitation model appears more promising from a feminist perspective as it aims to secure conformity through inner positive motivation on the part of the individual(Clarkson and Keating ) and its focus on understanding rather than condemning the offender, through treatment. Although it has been debated as to whether this model can be characterised as punishment, but as Fox recognises, treatment oriented approaches can involve punitive interventions under the guise of treatment. The criticism of this approach is similar to that of incapacitation theory whish aims for protective sentencing. By imposing longer or more severe punishments thee criminal may become unable to commit more crimes. Fox discusses that because of the special privations which prison sentences may inflict on female prisoners, it this may have greater impact on women. Therefore it is suggested that a new rationale for punishment that differs from the traditional frameworks to encompass gender differences is needed. Howe takes the view that the definition of punishment needs to be expanded to incorporate broader social control mechanisms, son that it, enables us to forge links between two critical projects: the masculinise one, of analysing the emergence of punishment regimes in the context of the States power to punish, and the feminist one, of mapping the differential impact of disciplinary power on lived female bodies.(Howe, 1994, see footnote 5). This focus on the body as a means of criticising models of punishment is typical of some writers, for example, Wait who argues that the body is a vehicle for control, in regards to examples such as electronic tagging, the forced separation of parents from children and spouses from each other, as well as community service and probation orders that require the body to work in particular ways, he comments that: The pain inflicted upon it may be less direct, the mark it makes and traces leaves less visible; but the exercise of coercive discipline over the body and a recognition of the anguish it is capable of experiencing are still at the heart of punishment(Wait, 1996, from Fox, 2000: 58). Fox puts forward that this can apply to other types of punishment too, namely, forced treatment for drug and alcohol dependency and the use of boot camps, chain gangs and capital punishment in the US. Focus on the body, she suggests, can make the diverse ways in which women are placed under surveillance, disciplined and punished more apparent, and that practices such as imprisoning pregnant women, handcuffing labouring women, separating mothers from their children and strip searching tend to force people to confront the reality of punishment. As can be seen a focus on the body can take forward feminist perspectives in its struggle against the patriarchal nature of the States criminal justice system. Although greater numbers of women continue to receive custodial sentences, proportionally more women offenders in both the US and Receive probation, or absolute or conditional charges. Pat Carlen(1985, quoted in Fox, 2000: 60) puts forward a potential reason for this: the majority of women in trouble are much more likely to be in receipt of medical, psychiatric or welfare regulation than caught up in the machinery of criminal justice, which accounts for the courts readiness to require social and medical reports for female offenders, particularly where the offence is unnatural or violent The Specific Needs of Women This section will outline some of the identified needs of female offenders focussing on those needs associated with family and mental health issues. Family It could be argued that womens identity as mothers is critical in sentencing practice. Fox (2000:62) argues that those women who conform to the traditional stereotype as mothers can more easily avoid being labelled as criminal, whilst conversely, women who do not conform to this stereotype compare unfavourably, and women who are judged to fails wives or mothers, such as young single women who commit offences as members as gangs, for example, are treated relatively harshly. This highlights how gender roles can have an effect on criminal procedure in general, and sentencing. The Home Office report offered by Lederman and Gels Thorpe confirm that this is the case, reporting that the degree to which a female offender conforms to traditional gender roles, especially regarding her marital status, is the most influential factoring how she is regarded by the courts. Therefore it seems that the discrimination faced by women in society carries over to the criminal justice system. Carlen (1998: 74) in her study looked at the different experience of women in prison compared to that of their male counter parts. She found that the most resounding response related to womens role within the family both in terms of ideology and function. This was described mostly in terms of womens role as mothers, although, also included their roles of primary care-giver to other family members, including the dependency that men had upon them. For example, male staff recognised that a powerful mix of biological ties, emotional bonds and family ideologies can affect a womans prison experience (Carlen, 1998:74). One respondent in particular commented that, in 99 per cent of cases when a man comes to prison he has the knowledge that his children are being looked after and the rent will be paid by the DSS, however women tend to lose their homes, and often their children to foster care. Another commented that the females have a closer bond to their children and it affects them far more. In regards to remand, one respondent suggested that, If a woman has a baby while she is on remand in custody, social services will be contacted and the baby would be taken off her. Shes being denied the right to bond with that baby at such a vital stage Another problem that we have is that if they are sentenced we initiate the procedure for applying for a Mother and Baby Unit, but there are not enough mother and baby spaces for them to go to. (A Prison Officer, from Carlen, 1998: 79) Contemporary Criminal Justice policies can have a detrimental impact on families, in terms of both the impact of a mothers imprisonment on their children and the impact upon the mothers. With the striking increase in numbers of women serving custodial sentences the effect that this can have on the children that a proportion of these women have needs to be taken into consideration. Ideology that contends with the view that female offenders do not deserve privileges such as regular contact with their children has a lack of regard of the fact that this also penalizes the children, Clarke (1995) refers to these children as the unseen victims of a mothers incarceration. Although removing a child from the criminality associated with their mothers is often considered to be in the best interests of the child, this removals harmful in itself. Snyder-Joy and Carlo (1998), in their review of some of the research carried out that look at the effects of the child, found that incarcerating mothers may produce serious negative effects for the children. They found that the forcible separation and lack of close contact between mother and child may cause psychological and behavioural problems for the children, such as aggression, poor school performance, attention deficit, anger, poor social skills, depression, and sleep disruptions. In addition to this, children of incarcerated parents area risk of also ending up in the criminal justice system. In fact, Barnhill and Dressers 1991 research notes that, children of inmates are five to six times more likely than their peers to become incarcerated themselves (Snyder-Joy and Carlo, 1998: 132). It can be hard to ascertain whether it is the actual imprisonment of mothers that has these effects, rather than say, the economic and social factors that may also affect their mothers, or the general way in which they have been brought up, however the research findings should not be disregarded and the potential effects of custodial sentences of mothers on children should certainly be considered when debating womens imprisonment. Gabel (1992, taken from Snyder-Joy and Carlo, 1998: 132) sums up this situation for some prisoners and their families: Separations are likely to have been preceded by family turmoil, conflict, and dysfunction in many cases relative to family functioning in intact families Many of these families and children are vulnerable even more to further problems and behavioural disorders subsequent tithe separation itself. The latter may increase social, financial, or personal difficulties with which already dysfunctional families cannot cope. As can be seen, the act of removing children from their mothers my produce social, personal and emotional problems for the child. In addition to this the problems that originate during the imprisonment of their mothers, and that may exist prior, will be further compounded if the relationship between mother and child is so damaged that the child may be looked after by the state after release. This in itself is associated with affecting the personal social and emotional development of children and where possible should be avoided where possible. The suggestions made later when alternatives to imprisonment are considered. Imprisonment has adverse effects on women who are mothers even beyond other considerations that have been made in this paper. It has been found that incarcerated mothers report depression, anxiety and fears about their childrens safety while they are apart, as well as feelings of guilt and inadequacy in addition to concerns about returning to the family structure that existed prior to imprisonment.(Snyder-Joy and Carlo, 1998: 135) Punishment is compounded for many female prisoners when they are separated from their children. The majority of incarcerated women are mothers estimates range from 60-80%, and most of these women were providing the primary means of family support prior to imprisonment(research outlined by Dodge and Pogrebin, 2001), Rasche (2000) commented that the harshest single aspect of being imprisoned may bathe separation of mother and child. Mental Health The assumption that women are more likely to require psychological assessment is evident in the recommendations made by the Home Office, which urges sentences to pay particular attention to the treatment of female criminals. Feminists may argue that this emphasis serves to undermine women, for example Carlen and Worrall argue that the normal womens body could be perceived as intrinsically abnormal. Menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth and the menopause result in hormone imbalance which suggests that the women may be imbalanced at these times (From Fox, 2002: 60). However it is argued that this disposition to consider female defendants as medically unsound underpins the trend towards a treatment approach for these women, rather than a custodial sentence which would be deemed as inappropriate for their needs. A further consideration of the mental health issues and needs of female offenders can be seen later. The Efficacy of Prison Carlen (1998: 102) found that overcrowding in prisons meant that the system was unable to care effectively for those inmates that pose special problems of need, danger and risk. In fact it was found that the general consensus of staff working in the prison service was that the most prisons can hope to achieve, due to the combination of overcrowding and increasingly restrictive security measures, was damage limitation rather than equipping inmates to lead good and useful lives when they are discharged. (Carlen, 1998: 149) the incapacitation effect of current levels of imprisonment is not great A general increase in the use of imprisonment, either by increasing the proportion sentenced to custody, increasing the sentences imposed or increasing the proportion of the sentence that offenders spend in custody, would not affect crime levels by any substantial amount. (Tarring, 1993, quoted in Prison Reform Trust1993, in Carlen, 1998:151) The problem with arguing towards a reduction in custodial sentencing for female offenders is that it can be considered a sexist response that is discordant to the attempt of the criminal justice system to treat all equally, and encouraging women to be unlawful without fear of punitive sentence. However, supported by other researchers, Carlen offers a response to this question. She argues that: firstly, the economic, ideological and political conditions in which women break the law are different to those in which man commit crime; secondly, the logic of sentencing tends to be rooted in oppressive and outmoded assumptions about the proper role of women in society; and thirdly, that women who appear before the courts usually will have been subject to informal and anti-social controls (not suffered by their male counterparts) which would already have affected their opportunities for full citizenship, meaning they suffer a double regulation(Carlen,1998: 153). Carlen recommends that unless women have committed very serious crimes, or pose a danger to public which means they must be incarcerated as a matter of public protection, no good can come from imprisoning women, Almost certainly they will require help of some description but always of a kind that no prison can provide. Imprisonment can only damage them further, and make them more likely to break the law in the future. (Carlen, 199: 153) In response to evidence and theories presented by researchers and academics the Government have stated that, Imprisonment is not the most effective punishment for most crime. Custody should be reserved as punishment for very serious offences. (Home Office 1988, taken from Worrall, 1997: 28). However, as can be seen later, government policy has not always reflected this view. (5) Alternatives to Custodial Sentences for Female Offenders As can be seen from the theory and evidence put forward previously, there is increasing support for the majority of custodial sentences for female offenders to be replaced with an alternative method of punishment or control. Alternatives to imprisonment may also supply a better medium for therapeutic intervention than the current prison system. The Howard League for Penal Reform leads the way in alternative thinking in the Criminal Justice System: The Howard League for Penal Reform is today recommending that prison custody for women should be virtually abolished so that only those women who are convicted of serious and violent offences and who represent a continuing danger to the public should be held in custody. For other women offenders community based interventions that make amends for the wrong done and encourage women to change their lives offer the best change of creating a safer society. (Frances Cooke, Speaker for The Howard League, 2005). In the main, alternatives to custodial sentences involve a type of community punishment, in the form of probation, fines, and electronic tagging, for example, or specialist units. Some examples of these alternatives, and their use for female offenders, will be looked at in this chapter. Firstly, though it is important to identify the main barriers to community punishment alternatives, in order to gain a better understanding of the more specific sentences. Worrall identifies many obstacles to community punishment (1997: 13).Firstly she identifies the obstacle of public and media perception that imprisonment is the only way to punish people accordingly, with other punishments viewed as inferior. Secondly, there is the obstacle of unfair or inconsistent sentencing, in that community sentences tend to be reserved for those who can pay, or deemed to be able to benefit from supervision which leaves certain disadvantaged groups in prison. Thirdly, there is the concept of net-widening based on the assumption that alternatives to custody will, rather than defer offenders form prison, draw more people into the criminal justice system that may otherwise have been diverted to another agency. Fourthly, is the problem of enforcement, it is much easier not to comply with on-custodial sentences, and some believe that without the backup of threats of incarceration, community alternatives are not viable. However, despite these drawbacks it is important to consider the benefits of using alternatives to custody. Electronic Monitoring Sections 12 and 13 of the Criminal Justice Act (1991) introduced electronic tagging as a method of supervision and control and could offer a valuable commodity in the criminal justice system. However, electronic tagging systems have had a quite a number of starting up problems, and in some cases offenders under this system have requested to be put into custody as this was deemed preferable, despite Tom Stacey, founder of the Offenders Tag Association suggesting that opposition to tagging was based on wilful ignorance of the appalling nature of prison conditions (Worrall, 1997: 31). The tagging system was criticised for leaving families with very little income due to the restraints upon offenders, and for malfunctioning. According to the Prison Reform Trust (1990) by January 1990, only 46 defendants had been tagged on contracts which cost the tax payer 564,706. Of these 24 had breached the conditions of their bail, been arrested for further offences, or absconded (Worrall, 1997: 32). However, if these problems can be overcome and the system used effectively, electronic monitoring may be recognised as a flexible and cost effective alternative to prison, which may be appropriate for female offenders who have been convicted of less serious, less violent and less harmful crimes. It could provide for effective monitoring and control, whilst being used alongside a programme of support and will allow for family and social ties to be retained to a greater degree than imprisonment Special Units for female offenders who are mothers As can be seen in previous chapters a need for specialist provision for female offenders with children is widely supported. In many cases affine, probation, or a curfew order, monitored by electronic tagging, for example, may be appropriate, however specialist units may also be successful in overcoming some of the problems associated with incarcerating mothers. These would supply an opportunity for female offenders to be punished and monitored without the separation of children from their mothers, whilst also providing support to ensure the issues highlighted earlier, are reduced. Also Carlen (1998: 186) recommends a half-way house, a hostel like establishment to which women could be sent halfway through their sentence and where relevant and feasible their babies and infant children could live with them. This would involve an element of retributive custody, but would recognise womens special needs and those of their children. A similar scheme has been put forward by NACRO after the Woolf report (and discussed by Carlen and Franklin in Prisons 2000). Where imprisonment is the only option, for example for serious offences, better support is needed for mothers and the children affected. Snyder-Joy and Carlo (1998) put forward that parenting classes and a visitation programme may be beneficial in overcoming some of the problems associated with incarcerated mothers, including improving the mother-child relationship and improving the chances of successful parenting post release. The structure of prison life makes it hard for women to maintain or develop those skills that they will need outside of prison, (Snyder-Joy and Carlo, 1998: 135). Weilerstein(1995 ) identifies three issues for women with children in prison: (1)Supportive contact visiting between incarcerated parents and their children is essential for maintaining their relationship; (2) Children need help in the community, especially with social services, to ensure their welfare during their parents absence; and (3), Parents need assistance in better understanding their children and learning to be better parents. Special Units for female offenders with mental health issues Because its more than about just drugs or sex abuse its probably a mixture of both. Its about women who are lacking in confidence, seriously damaged, who dont need to be held in a closed prison, who are quite safe in the community, but who do need really skilled assistance with some of the problems they have here. Thats why Id like to see a small residential unit set up which could have the services of psychologists and medical staff and probation support staff, and with actual programmes to actually address their particular problems. (Governor, 1998, in Carlen, 1998: 164) Small units with access to appropriate treatment and care should be available to all women offenders affected by issues of mental health, although this, as all schemes like it would put financial strain on the criminal justice service, it may be the only way of ensuring that female offenders receive a beneficial sentence, both for themselves and society. A campaign group, Innocent until Proven Guilty outlines the statistics and why there is a need for an alternative to imprisonment for women affected by mental health issues. They point out that the number and rate of mental health issues is much higher amongst women than men. For example, in 2003, 30 per cent of women were reported to have harmed themselves compared with six per cent of men, so that while women make up just six per cent of the prison population they accounted for nearly half (46%) of self harm incidents. Two-thirds of women show symptoms of at least one neurotic disorder such as depression, anxiety and phobias and more than half are suffering from a personality disorder. Among the general population less than a fifth of women suffer from these disorders. In addition they state that thirty-seven per cent say they have attempted suicide. Therefore the group recommends an increase in the provision, and an improvement in the quality of court based diversion schemes for women with serious mental health problems. This could avoid the harm that can be caused by imprisonment, whilst providing better support. Special Units for Female Youth Offenders Specific Young Offender Institutes are not available for women as they are for men. Young women are put into womens prisons and tend not to be held in separate institutions for young offenders(Parliamentary Committee report, 1997). This a grave cause for concern when considering the alternatives to imprisonment, especially for group whose needs almost certainly could not be met in prison conditions. This concern is shared by a prison officer, interviewed by the Howard League in a report named Lost Inside: Prison doesnt deter them. When they leave here they have a criminal record so employment is impossible for them and mostly they will only have a hostel to go to where theyll get little support. If they have a drug problem they will go back to shoplifting or prostitution to fund the drug habit. Its a circle. Its sad. They dont know any other life. Probably the most appropriate incarceration, if this is deemed necessary by the nature of the offence, should be local authority secure accommodation that will meet the educational, social and emotional needs of young female offenders. This could be achieved in several ways: appropriate role models should be in attendance and appositive peer influence should be present, in terms of treatment and education, plans should be on an individual basis that cater for differing needs, and should be compiled in partnership with the offender to improve the chances of full participation. Inmates should be taught life and social skills, and given the opportunity to improve chances through education or acquisition of job skills. If successful schemes such as these would address the issues that led the young person into crime and decrease the chance of them re-offending. In1999, the Home Office issued a consultation paper concerning the detention of young offenders that recommended that young offenders aged18-20 years should not be detained in young offenders institutions, and rather be sent to prison. This would only reduce the chances of rehabilitation in most cases and can only be detrimental both to the offender and society. The most appropriate action in most cases would be to issue an order that would involve young female offenders with Youth Offending Teams that recognise and address the specific issues of this group. However, these would have to be very well resourced in order that they are effective. (6)The Policy Background Worrall (1997: 8) outlines the major policy developments since the turn of the twentieth century which portray the development of ideas in relation to criminal justice for groups that were thought to be deemed in need of a specialist policy. For example in 1908, The Children Act and The Prevention of Crime Act provided for separate courts and institution (Borstal) for juveniles. The Probation of Offenders Act1907 set up a professional service to supervise offenders, and The Criminal Justice Act 1914 provided a means for paying fines by instalments. Special provision was also made for inebriates (The Inebriates Act 1898) and for mentally defective criminals (The Mental Deficiency Act 1913). More recently, emphasis has shifted in some part toward developments in alternatives to custodial sentences. The most significant developments being the introduction of conditional discharges, attendance centres (Criminal Justice Act 1948), police cautioning (Children and Young Persons Act 1969) and community service(Criminal Justice Act 1972) with compensation orders being introduced in 1988. This brief overview of policy serves to give an idea of the progress that has been made within criminal justice, however more analysis is needed if the effect major policy has had on female offenders is to be recognised. Rehabilitation had been the ideal of much of policy up until the late 1960s when this optimistic approach to criminal justice came under criticism. It was argued that this approach did not work, and at the same time the New Right sought to buttress individualism, familiarise and nationalism by encouraging the stigmatisation of out-groups and emphasising the need for social discipline (Walker and Beaumont, 1985 from Worrall, 1997: 22). The Conservative Government in1979 brought with it thinking about alternatives to custodial sentences, in particular, reform of the probation service. Walker and Beaumont (1981) advocated a radical socialist approach to probation work, emphasising the role of capitalism, poverty and oppression in the perpetuation of crime. However, in 1984, the Home Office, according to Beaumont (as earlier), established priorities by rationing resources between existing activities rather than prioritising desirable movements.(Worrall 1997: 22-23), which may go some way to explain that despite the plethora of research and literature which was starting to become evident, there was only gradual change in implementing any of the ideas. In fact, at this time prison building was expanding and the prison population rising. Skull suggested that far from reducing the convicted offenders chance of receiving a custodial sentence, the alternatives to custody that were being implemented were becoming no more than supplements to custody (Skull, 1977/1984, for Worrall, 197:25). Worrall attempts to categorise these alternatives into three concepts: self-regulatory penalties; financial penalties; and supervisory penalties. The assumption behind self-regulatory penalties is that the identification which comes with a court order is sufficient enough to prevent further offences. Financial penalties rely on the relationship between money and punishment. This historically rooted penalty is regarded as flexible due to its ability to match the seriousness of offence to the ability to pay, although is criticized for giving the opportunity for the offender to not be held accountable as anyone can pay the fine as long as its paid. Supervisory penalties are based on the assumption that an offender lacks the ability to repair harm done unaided, and includes the probation order, the supervision order the curfew order, the attendance centre order, the community service order, and combination orders. It should be noted that there are several types of control or punishment that do not fall neatly into these categories, such as hospital orders and binding over. The 1990s saw a series of important developments in penal policy worth considering in relation to female offenders. The Holliday report(2000) reviewed these changes, in particular the departure from the principles of the 1991 Criminal Justice Act, and it informed the new sentencing framework announced by the Home Office in 2001 . Although penal policy has a limited influence on sentencing (as can be seen earlier, there are many factors which influence the sentencing, for example in regards to female offenders the fact that they are young and single can increase the chances of receiving a custodial sentence), it does inevitably have a significant influence on the courts. The Holliday report found that there had been a shift in the thinking of the just desserts approach of the Criminal Justice Act as it had come under criticism for being too rigid, not allowing for differences in the situations of offenders and not allowing for substituting help for punishment when this was called for, generally the model raised questions about the unlikelihood of doing justice in an unjust society (Hudson, 2002: 24). The 1991 Criminal Justice Act introduced a twin track style of punishment. As Hudson outlines, (2002: 24) most offences were allocated to the proportionality track where penalties were to be in proportion to the offence, and some offences would be on the risk track, where considerations of risk to the public could allow a higher penalty than the proportionality track. As the 1990s proceeded, the risk track became more influential. This displacement of the dominant track of proportionality is particularly relevant for female offenders because of their disproportionate involvement with probation and the focus of risk in this agency. Also during the 1990s, this increased analysis of risk, saw a blurring of the differentiation between violent and on-violent offences which was important for female offenders. By the time of the 1996 white paper Protecting the Public: The Governments Strategy on Crime in England and Wales, the risk of re-offending was seen as to be as important as the risk of physical danger (Hudson,2002:25) which no doubt has been influential in increasing the numbers of women that are imprisoned. After reviewing sentencing to date, the Holliday report moves onto how sentencing should be considered in the future: The severity of the punishment should reflect the seriousness of the offence and the offenders criminal history; the seriousness of the offence should reflect its degree of harmfulness or risked harmfulness, and the offenders culpability in committing the offence; in considering the offenders criminal history, the severity of the sentence should increase to reflect previous convictions, taking account of how recent and relevant they were (Home Office, 2001) The report found that the biggest increases in imprisonment were or the offences that women were more likely to be convicted of, such as theft and handling, fraud and forgery and so women were more likely to be imprisoned. The disregard for personal situations that was one of the worst possibilities of the just desserts approach meshed with the worst potential of the risk-of-re-offending approach meant that more women with children, more women with bleak economic prospects, more women with addictions, were imprisoned for theft and handling, fraud and forgery(Hudson, 2002:32). With a new emphasis on Prison Works in recent rhetoric, it may be expected that future policy will move away from alternatives to custody, however, much research is not recommending this, as can be seen in other parts of this paper, and this may prove influential in sentencing practice if not policy. Perhaps then, policy will begin to reflect the benefits of alternatives to custody, including those applicable to female offenders. (7) Conclusion In conclusion it seems there are many arguments against imprisoning female offenders, and also a variety of alternatives to custodial sentences that could prove to be effective at addressing the issues raised in analysing gender bias in the criminal justice system, including the needs of female offenders. A Womens Offending Reduction Programme, which looks at the causes of womens offending and seeks to reduce the number of women in prison was launched last year by PaulGoggin (Parliamentary debate 2004). Hopefully this will recognise that prison in its present form is totally inappropriate for the needs of female offenders. Although it can be seen that gender bias needs to be considered when looking at sentencing, some of the most significant social characteristics are common to both male and female prisoners. In England, for example, both have disproportionate numbers who have been raised in institutions and both have a disproportionate amount from the most economically deprived social classes (Home Office, 1992, from Carlen, 2002: 9). As Worrall points out: Playing at restorative justice and mediation in a society as grossly as unequal as ours is, to mix the metaphors, applying no more than first aid to a gaping wound. Such approaches are reflections of adjust and confident society but they do not create it. Only when there is a political will to invest in human, social and cultural capital and willingness for sentences to see custody as the alternative the sentence of last resort will things change.(Worrall, 1997: 150) In this quote Worrall, in the use of her metaphor, portrays an important point. It is not satisfactory for small parts of the criminal justice system to be updated, traditional underlying assumptions will prove to make these small changes ineffectual. Reformist schemes that only address certain issues within prisons are more than likely to give short term legitimacy to the prison system. As Carlen puts forward: prison reform should never be piecemeal, and instead, it requires to be undertake ken within a holistic and progressive programme of reduction (of the prison population) and (gender-tested) transformation(of prisons as we know them). (Carlen, 1998: 165) (8) References Carlen, P. (2000) Against the Politics of sex discrimination: Forth politics of difference and a women-wise approach to sentencing in Nicolson, D. and Bobbings, L. (eds.) (2000) Feminist Perspectives on Criminal Law, Cavendish Publishing: London; Sydney. Carlen, P. (1990) Alternatives to Womens Imprisonment, Open University Press: Milton Keynes; Philadelphia. Carlen, P. (1998) Sledgehammer: Womens Imprisonment at the Millennium, Macmillan Press Ltd: Hound mills; Basingstoke; Hampshire; London. Carlen, P. (2002) Women and Punishment, Will an Publishing: Devon. Dodge, M. and Pogrebin, M.R. (2001) Collateral Costs of Imprisonment for Women: Complications of Reintegration in The Prison Journal, March 2001. Hudson, B. (2002) Gender issues in penal policy and penal theory in Carlen, P. (2002) Women and Punishment, Will an Publishing: Devon. Fox, M. (2000) Feminist Perspectives on Theories of Punishment inNicolsen, D. and Bobbings, L. (eds.) (2000) Feminist Perspectives onCriminal Law, Cavendish Publishing: London; Sydney. Nicolson, D. and Bobbings, L. (eds.) (2000) Feminist Perspectives on Criminal Law, Cavendish Publishing: London; Sydney. Snyder-Joy, Z. K. and Carlo, T. A. (2000) Parenting through PrisonWalls: Incarcerated Mothers and Childrens Visitation Programmes inMiller, S. L. (ed.) (1998) Crime Control and Women: feministimplications for criminal justice policy, Sage Publications: ThousandOaks; London; New Delhi. Worrall, A. (1997) Punishment in the community: the future of criminal justice, Addison Wesley Longman Limited: Essex. Electronic Resources Accessed on 21 March 2005 Howard League (2005) Abolish Prison Custody for Women Embargo, 8th March, 2005 Home Office (1999) Detention in a Young Offenders Institute: a consultation paper Comments by innocent until proven guilty campaign group Our Barbaric Jails: The prison system is failing women (2005), The Observer, January 30th, 2005 Standing Committee Debate, House of Commons, regarding Crime and Disorder Bill The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department Debate,18th Oct 2004 : Column 616